Doull and Clarkson among Those Honored with Society of Toxicology Awards

Cell killing can be achieved in an acidic environment in tissue culture (medium pH < 7.0) by agents (nigericin, carbonylcyanide-3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP)) which transport protons from the extracellular space into the cytoplasm. Cell killing is enhanced when these agents are used in combination with compounds (amiloride, 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS)) which inhibit the membrane-based exchangers responsible for the regulation of intracellular pH (pHi). We describe experiments which assess the ability of these agents to kill tumour cells in spheroids and in vivo. Both nigericin and CCCP were observed to penetrate tissue based on their ability to kill tumour cells in spheroids. The mean extracellular pH (pHe) of the KHT fibrosarcoma and the EMT-6 sarcoma were observed to be 0.21 and 0.32 pH units more acidic than the mean pHe in muscle tissue. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of the vasodilator hydralazine (1Omg kg') caused a reduction of the mean pHe of the KHT but not the EMT-6 tumour. Nigericin (2.5 mg kg-', i.p.) plus amiloride (10mg kg-', i.p.) followed 30 min later by hydralazine (10mg kg-, i.p.) reduced the surviving fraction of cells in the KHT and EMT-6 tumours, but had minimal effects on growth delay. When KHT tumours were treated with 15 Gy X-rays followed immediately by nigericin plus amiloride and hydralazine a reduced surviving fraction as well as an increase in tumour growth delay was observed compared to radiation alone. The administraion of nigericin (2.5 mg kg', i.p.) or the combination of nigericin (2.5 mg kg', i.p.) followed by hydralazine (10 mg kg-', intravenous (i.v.)) resulted in reductions of tumour pHi of 0.27 and 0.29 pH units respectively as determined by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Our results show that the combination of nigericin and hydralazine (with or without amiloride) can kill cells in rodent solid tumours and that cell killing is associated with a reduction in the mean pHi of tumour cells.